THE ICT – LANGUAGE LEARNING FINAL TEST

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER IN TEACHING ENGLISH

1. INTRODUCTION.

The increasing of science and technology in communication grow rapidly. Especially in teaching language in the classroom in order to make the students get a better result. The new method of teaching is not only based on the conventional way of teaching such as by using white board,  marker, paper, chart, picture  etc, but also using a modern tools like Computer as a multi media with its various program. Computer-assisted -Language Learning (CALL), often known simply as computer language learning is a form of computer-based assisted learning. The first thing to be said is that is not a method, but a tool to facilitate learning under whatever method is being used. Perhaps one of the most useful things about computer language learning is that it is student-centered and allows each user to progress at their own speed. Moreover, it can be programmed to be interactive and, as a result, individualized. Finally, it can form a stand-alone course, and be used on its own, or it can be used as a reinforcement of class learning. Where computer language learning is used in the latter role, as learning reinforcement, it has often led to a revision of both the teacher’s and student’s role in the language learning process. For example, when it is used as a major component of a foreign language course, the teacher must get used to the fact that they are no longer simply the provider of knowledge, but must now guide the students in their interaction with the computer. The students, for their part, must become accustomed to taking on greater responsibility for their own learning. The using of computer as a multi media can make the teaching learning process effective to help the learners to improve their skills in language learning, such as illustrate a picture,  reinforce a reading skill, give the idea, create an opinion,  and the using of computer as a multi media can reduce anxiety, laziness,  boredom in studying.  The development of information Technology (IT) has permeated the application of computers in the learning process, or as Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). A Computer as a medium is used for the sake of facilitating people in learning language. However a computer is only a tool and a medium. Hence, it is powerless and is totally dependent on the users. In this case, the computer is an intermediary; it is useful to interact with the students and as a teaching aid or tool for the teachers, and facilitators in teaching. It doesn’t entirely eliminate the need for an instructor, facilitator, or teacher, but many people believe that computer is the best teaching aid especially in language learning.

1. OBJECTIVE.

The aim of this writing is to give the answer of the question why computer is the best aid in teaching English.  What are the advantages and disadvantages of computer in teaching English, and how to solve the problem?

The computer is known as the best aid in teaching English because the design of ICT – supported material. It is of importance to consider at least three fundamentals facets in order to avoid untimely obsolescence; the technology cycle; linguistic content and assistance to learning( McCarthy 2002). Information Technology(IT) as defined by the information Technology Association of America(ITTA), is study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely. Computer is more interactive aid compared with others, such as charts,  a tape recorder, film projectors,  such common equipment- marker and white board. Hartoyo (2005,p.12

3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE.

Information Technology (IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. In short , IT deals with the use of electronic computer and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information, securely. IT origins and development trace back to the 1960’s ( Delcloque 2000). Since the early days CALL has developed into a symbiotic relationship between the development of pedagogy. Computer is  a more interactive aid compared with others, such as tape recorder, film projectors, and such common equipment like marker and white board. Hartoyo (2005,p.12) quotes Terry Roberts( 2004 ) Computer language learning can create a much more stimulating environment than a classroom, although some students learn better in a classic teaching setting with instructor and peers, others may find it intimidating. Nelson, et al (1976)states that the unique property of the computer as a medium for education is its ability to interact with the student. The computer can be a partner for the learner to  play educational games with, or, less glamorously. It can be used to generate example, to illustrate certain operations, or to stimulate conversation. Hartoyo ( 2005,p.20). In addition to above statement, Hartoyo (2005, p.22) quotes Warschauer, et al, (1996) Computers have been used for language teaching ever since the 1960s. This 40-year period can be divided into three main stages: behaviorist, communicative, and interrogative. Each stage corresponds to a certain level of technology and certain pedagogical theories. The reason of using Computer Assisted Language Learning include: experimental learning, motivation, enhance student achievement, authentic materials for study, greater interaction, individualization, independence from a single source of information, and global understanding.

4. ANALYSIS

The development of Information Technology (IT) has influenced the application of computers as a teaching aid in the learning process. A computer is used for the sake of facilitating students in learning such as learning language which is called Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). There are many advantages of using the computer as a teaching aid in teaching and learning English. They are;

1. The computer is more interesting and interactive aid for the students compared with other aids such as books, charts, marker and white board, film projectors, and tape recorder.
2. The use of technology tends to make learning enjoyable, it can change the teacher’s and tutor’s duty, providing various material, personalizing information, by integrating the student’s name or familiar contexts within the instruction, and can promote motivation,
3. The computer is  more flexible as a language teaching aid.

Computer is a more interactive and flexible aid compared with others such as books, charts, marker and white board, film projectors, and tape recorder. All of these aids can guide and leads the students about the rules and the right solutions, but they cannot give the specifics analyzing of the mistakes which has been made by the students. Computer is an interactive instruction technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitoring the learning activities. By using computer as the aid of teaching the students can interact each other, and have a freedom to choose any topic, it also can promote students’ motivation  by personalizing information, for example by integrating the student’s name or familiar contexts as part of the program or task, others include having animate objects on the screen, providing practice activities that incorporate challenges and curiosity and providing a context (real-world or fantasy) that is not directly language-oriented. Being involve in the process of distance education can make the students to be active all the time, they forced to do the exercises, comment certain ideas, find the reliable topic or text and they must be discipline to take their turn because there is no information such as the ringing of the bell or the announcement from the teacher that the time of the lesson is up. As an assistive technology it can help the handicapped person that ho or she might use the computer to communicate verbally. In spite of the fact that the handicapped individual may not be able to speak or wrote, they can still communicate with the public and also they can do the activity in the classroom, By having a high information technology in the classroom can help many physically disabled person would be able to be part in all of teachers program to explore the Internet or web tasks online.

Another function of the computer is not only as an aid of teaching, but also act as a teacher or tutor for the students, providing material, giving information or explanation, and guiding the students how to learn the topic well. The computer can be an entertainer for the learner by playing an educational games related to the topic, such as: vocabulary, structure, or reading. It can be used to illustrate certain program, stimulate conversation, or to increase the listening skill. The CALL in class can help the students who cannot come to school because of the illness or others that make them to be absent from classes, they still get the education at home, or the home schooling students can access the materials from the internet on line.

In teaching grammar using computers play more relevant role, it is only used to give common exercises a new format, but it directly help to enhance acquisition by means of many resources they offer and thanks to their motivating power. Not many people think to the fact that a written novel will never be replaced by novel displayed on the computer screen. The pleasure of reading on an armchair comfortably, turning pages quietly forwards to check some idea previously read is not one that can be equally attained through a screen. The preference of the printed page is a matter of habit, and it is quite probable that the day will arrive when laptop computers, or modern artifacts, will become so widespread as to substitute books. By using computer people will be able to read as comfortably as they choose out side the room, computer activities which involve rebuilding or rearranging texts have proved their value, not to mention the act of reading the instructions that includes CD game or program so they know how to do with the CD effectively, and even more effective in learning intensive reading when the text massages sent by the characters of an interactive computer program. The enormous amount of specific software that has been created for learning English includes the possibility of teaching and training the skill of speaking and listening. The problem is that this program not only make the teaching interactive but also improving the students skill of listening and speaking and the students have the opportunity to practice their dialogues mainly based on drills and do question – answer type with characters belonging to the program, but these are indeed closed dialogues so the students can do as whatever they want but they have to limit themselves on the given text, this experience has been proved to be highly motivating, since many graphic environments of the program offer turn out to be quite realistic. Thus, if the students or learners concentrate on this activity, they may feel up to a certain extent just as if they were really speaking to foreigners or a native speaker, out of the above interactive programs, there are many other programs which offer a possibility of listening to English, mainly with a British or American accent in the case of the majority of games or program, include many encyclopedias too. In grammar any language item is used to be potential of the language target, and this obviously includes, for example, the instructions are written in English, if the programs that must be installed by the students are the latest version of a game or simply one that they really like and can imagine the interest and going to put in order to understand the instruction for the installation quickly. The other advantages of using computer as a teaching aid are; the computer is flexible for the students so they can work at their own speed, and it is good for them. In the case of writing on the computer, especially for the primary students are familiar in using keyboard. So the process of writing is not problem for them, and teachers can get the advantage of enjoyment that the students find in manipulating computers. On the other hand writing essay on paper has not the same attractiveness for the students with writing on a computer and mistakes can be corrected much more easily, and the students do not have to give much importance to the order in which they write their ideas, since they can change the text, and rearrange the ideas, easily according to their need. This way can be used to correcting the grammar and spelling errors or mistakes which has been made by the students, and help the teacher checking or trying to guess the correct option. This system is programmed to adapt to the student’s individual needs. It acquires information about the students current knowledge of a subject and their goals in learning the subject and creates a user profile based on their knowledge. Information Technology based instruction is unique for the students or instructors can communicate with each other anywhere in the world within second via internet for the specific activities of distance learning such as: meeting, chatting, conferencing, or other activity on line task. This program can make the ordinary classes more interesting, give the students opportunity to learn and practice in a different way, for example the teacher are involved in distance education will change the ordinary classes ; the tutors shouldn’t teach an explain the material to much, but they must guide the students to find the rules and explain the instruction. Besides allowing the students and teachers more flexibility as far as time and place are concerned in distance education when the teaching learning process using computers, internet or web tools, a great amount of information can be stored, updated, multiplied, transferred quickly, Besides the advantages there are also some disadvantages in teaching English using computer as a teaching aid. They are;

1. The computer program need to own or have access to a computer with the necessary RAM and operating system
2. This program has a bad effect to our health such as; physical syndrome,  eye disorders which is caused by sitting in front of the computer screen for long periods of time without any blinking)
3. Another bad effect of using computer as teaching aid is a high  cost of education software, and the lack of human interaction in the learning process.

5.SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

Now days a lot of teachers still depend on the conventional teaching by using marker, white board, charts or book. But over the years, many technical inventions have shaped the educational aids with teachers around themselves. It is the time for teacher to have a reformation in teaching by using computer in order to make our teaching technique more effective and efficient, based on my experience as an English teacher whatever they live, teacher voice always become  doubts, wish, and problems. So teachers are deeply concerned about keeping the best idea, modern methods of teaching, modern teaching aids, and modern program. As teachers we  shall try to prove that we can fulfill students’ expectation by using computers as teaching aids and it can be done even in a countries or villages, where the computer are relative rare in the teaching process. The computer can be a friend or partner for the students or learners to play educational games, or it can be used to illustrate certain operations or programs, to stimulate conversation, and to increase the listening skill by using a computer language laboratory where the students tend to form groups of four or in pairs with a single computer, even by using a single computer individually. Finally, computer language learning gives the student the ability to control not only the pace of their learning, but also, in many cases, the actual content. This because they can choose what to learn, in what order, they can omit lesson they are unnecessary and do extra work-or devote more time to their perceived problem areas. This makes them feel more competent in their learning. Moreover, students tend to prefer the type of exercise where they can control the content and the direction of their learning, such as branching stories, puzzles, logic problems or adventures. All in all we can say that a computer can analyze the specific mistakes of the students made and react in a different way from the usual teacher and not only leads the students self correction, but also to understand the principles behind correct solution. If you are not too worried about not being able to learn in classroom environment, with permanent access to an instructor, computer language learning could be just the thing you are looking for to bring greater motivation to your language learning experience.

The responds of the 1^st,2^nd,3^rd,and 4^th CD’s

1. Interactivity (Feedback and Instruction).

The instruction is so effective can be understand by the user well although the instruction is rather difficult to be understand because the voice of the speaker isn’t so clear that make the user need long time to understand it.

The feedback of the program is good and understandable and has a good impact for the user.

1. Usability (flexibility).

The flexibility is ease and has an inherent , the program can make the user interest and it has many good presentation that can make the user want to try the various program on the CD

1. Content Appropriateness.

The content appropriateness is concerned with the amount of the material presented in the program, the material is easy to be learned and understandable because the material is very suitable and meets the student’s need, it also need much time to operate the program so the user must be serious and patient in operating it.

1. Effectiveness

The program unit language learners can improve the students mastery of grammar although some of the grammar’s material and the vocabularies are difficult enough for the users because they are very complicated which is start from the easier and it is continued to the difficult one.

1. Performance (Attractiveness).

The Performance is very good because the way of the programmer in designing the presentation is so attractive, the lay out of the screen is clear and the choosing of the color is so clever based on the best illustration which has high creativity of the programmer to design them such as the pictures, diagram, charts etc.

Conclusion

The activities of studying language by using the CALL program especially using the CD is enjoyable for the students, but this program also has some problem for the students when the instruction of the activities or the voice of the speakers are not clearly or loudly enough to be understood and the problem in the CD itself can’t run well so it can cause new difficulties for the students to study English by using the CALL program, so the programmer must anticipate this problem well in their preparation of making the CD. Because this kind of problem can make the student boring or doesn’t interest to continue their studying. As we know that the CALL program is designed, developed and implemented well in order to concern students’ individual differences variables, if it is designed properly, this program can encourage and stimulate students thereby increasing their motivation and intention to learn the material.

According to the finding of Hartoyo’s(1998)The studying language by using CALL program indicates that social psychological students affect learning improvement and also reveals that a positive correlation was shown to exist, i.e., the greater the students’ knowledge of computers, or positive attitudes to learning English better their improvement scores were. In addition, as far as the CALL program is concerned, other related variables such as students’ attitudes toward and familiarity with computers, and time spent learning via the program also need to be taken into account.

• Initial Planning

The initial process of designing a model of self – access computer assisted language learning program which comprises a set of tasks:

1. 1. DETERMINING OBJECTIVE

The self-access computer-assisted language learning program aims to provide a self – access

learning, such as in English grammar and to improve other language skills and component.

1. 2. CHOOSING TYPES OF THE PROGRAMS

• Drill and Practice
• Simulations
• Games
• Tutorials
• Problem solving
• Demonstrations

1. SELECTING MATERIALS.

• TENSES
• CONJUCTIONS
• NOUN PLURAL NOUNS
• SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
• ARTICLE (DIFINITE AND INDIFINITE ARTICLE)

1. 4. choosing software

ž ASYMETRIX MULTIMEDIA TOOLBOOK 3.0 : ABLE TO MANAGE A COLLECTION OF INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED NON-SEQUENTIALLY.

ž FOR DESIGNING A SELF-ACCESS COMPUTER-MEDIATED LANGUAGE LEARNING PROGRAM AROSE DUE TO :

≈ TOOLBOOK 3.0 IS A HYPERMEDIA SYSTEM. IT ENABLES LEARNERS TO EXPLORE AND READ MATERIAL OR ANY IN FORMATION WHICH ATTRACTS THEIR OWN INTEREST.

≈ AS HYPERMEDIA SOFTWARE. TOOLBOOK HAS THE POTENTIALLY ABILITY TO CREAT AN INTERACTIVE TUTORIAL PROGRAM.

≈ TOOLBOOK IS RUN ON PCs (IBM). THIS PROGRAM IS INTENDED TO BE DEVELOPED IN INDONESIA.

1. 5. determining tasks

TASKS IN COMPUTER ARE ESSENTIAL IN SIMULATING INTERACTION BOTH BETWEEN LEARNERS AND THE COMPUTER, SO DESIGNER OF CALL MUST BE ABLE TO ANALYZE WHAT LEARNING TASKS SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO STIMULATE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE LEARNER AND THE COMPUTER.

1. To help learner use the program easier
   THE CALL PROGRAM CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS:

• EXPLANATIONS ABOUT THE TUTORIAL PROGRAMS
• SCREEN SHOWING MATERIALS HIGHLIGHTED IN THE PROGRAM
• INTERACTIVE EXERCISES

1. 7. structuring program design

Principles for designing and testing the call program

• interactivity
• usability
• content appropriateness
• effectiveness
• performance

Why we use CALL?

Research and practice suggest that, appropriately implemented, network-based technology can contribute significantly to:

• Experiential Learning.

The World Wide Web makes it possible for students to tackle a huge amount of human experience. In such a way, they can learn by doing things themselves. They become the creators not just the receivers of knowledge. As the way information is presented is not linear, users develop thinking skills and choose what to explore.

• Motivation.

Computers are most popular among students either because they are associated with fun and games or because they are considered to be fashionable. Student motivation is therefore increased, especially whenever a variety of activities are offered, which make them feel more independent.

• Enhanced Student Achievement .

Network based instruction can help pupils strengthen their linguistic skills by positively affecting their learning attitude and by helping them build self-instruction strategies and promote their self-confidence.

• Authentic Materials for Study

All students can use various resources of authentic reading materials either at school or from their home. Those materials can be accessed 24 hours a day at relatively low cost.

• Greater Interaction.

Random access to Web pages breaks the linear flow of instructions. By sending E-mail and joining news groups, EFL students can communicate with people they have never met. They can also interact with their own classmates. Furthermore, some Internet activities give students positive and negative fed back by automatically correcting their on line exercise.

• Individualization.

Shy or inhibited students can be greatly benefited by individualized collaborative learning. High fliers can also realize their full potential without preventing their peers from working at their own pace.

• Independence from a single Source of Information.

Although students can still use their book, they are given the chance to escape from canned knowledge and discover thousands of information source. As a result, their education fulfills the need for interdisciplinary learning in multicultural world.

• Global Understanding.

A foreign language is studied in a cultural context. In a world where the use of the internet becomes more and more widespread, an English Language teacher’s duty is to facilitate students’ access to the web and make them feel citizens of a global classroom, practicing communication on a global level.

What can we do with CALL?

There is a wide range of on-line applications which are already available for use in the foreign language class. These include dictionaries and encyclopedias, links for teachers, chat-rooms, pronunciation tutors, grammar and vocabulary quizzes, games and puzzles, literary extracts. The World Wide Web is a virtual library of information that can be accessed by any user around the clock. If some wants to read or listen to the news, for example, there are a number of sources offering the latest news either printed or recorded. The most important newspapers and magazines in the world are available on line and the same is the case with radio and TV channels.

Another example is communicating with electronic pen friends, something that most students would enjoy. Teachers should explain how it all works and help students find their keypals. Two EFL classes from different countries can arrange to send E-mail regularly to one another. This can be done quite easily thanks to the web sites providing list of students looking for communication. It is also possible for two or more students to join a chat-room and talk on-line through E-mail.

The advantages of using ICT designing CALL in teaching learning language has many impact to the teachers and the students such as :

1. For teachers .

Characteristic of the English teaching learning process can be used by them as input to make better efforts in the next English-learning process at the school, and the teachers need to focus on the use of language, so ICT make it easy for us to do so, especially after the use of internet as a didactic tool. Bringing a sense of reality also contributes to facilitate learners be less dependent. Of course the teacher must be selective to adapt the wide variety of resources at hand to the variety of students.
2. For students.

As the concentrate learners, they liked playing game, using pictures, films, video, cassettes, discussing the topic as the English practicing media (communicative learner and taking the role as auditory – oriented learners). CALL tends to be good for reinforcing structures and acquiring vocabulary for the students.The disadvantages of using ICT designing CALL in teaching learning language has many impact to the teachers and the students such as:
1. For teachers.

The teachers must have a lot of knowledge of ICT, they must use various method like ( guided discussion, reflective discussions, small group discussion, interactive lecture etc.)The teachers also have teaching techniques (giving information, motivating, listening, questioning, and managing )and strategies ( active and cooperative teaching). It is not easy to be update, and this is a social requirement, if not a demand. In many cases these new virtual environments are not so teacher friendly as they are required to be, but this is no excuse to prevent teachers from using these resources. I believe that we cannot be stopped by technological challenges. Again, teachers’ attitude may allow a role of a teacher as an average user, not a master. Probably this simple lack of reliability in a role of teacher not holding the strings of knowledge in a class is the single most outstanding obstacle to the extension of ICT in teaching, at least in language teaching by using a designing CALL.

2. b. For the students.
   1. Technological Equipment availability
   2. Class control
   3. Explaining the learning process
   4. The teacher act as a facilitator, motivator, and stimulator
   5. The mastering of the material for the teacher
   6. The way or method of presenting the material
   7. The ICT techniques in teaching
   8. The teachers media in teaching
   9. The effect of the ICT to the class

It is not easy to define the key question “ how students learn”, In my view I believe that students learn by using the language and by reflecting after their language use. My main task is then providing opportunities for meaningful language use, and building up a sense of community between the students and myself, so that we generate a relaxing environment. A second aspect to be taken into consideration is the issues that may come in a classroom as a consequence of a different role demanded for teachers and students: a more open flexible class structure may defy certain educational institutions or administrators. The accepted role of the teachers as “controller” in a language classroom, in what Jeremy Harmer calls” lockstep” ( teacher ex-planning everything, providing all the contents and students assimilating the information received), is severely defied. So we, and our institutions, are to adopt more flexible patterns of classroom distribution and clearly redefine the pattern of behavior. One last aspect to be borne in mind would be, especially in the institutions that I have had the opportunity to teach .

The problem of ICT language teaching using designing CALL.

This program has problem because it is not necessary to reinforce the links between the school members, and it is a must that the collaboration among the institution departments to carry the common processes. This particularly relevant to the projects which has a good way to incorporate more and more teachers into collaboration, and bridging the departments gaps. and society demands that the students we teach have high technological proficiency, the difference that may allow them to be active members of a specialized labor market. Yet, I still wonder if we are contributing or not to widening the gap between worlds.

We know that the language teachers have a lot to teach other subject about learning. In the 1960s educationalist like Jerome Bruner argued that people learn best when they learn in an active rather than a passive manner. He used the example of how we learn language. It is claimed that this is the most difficult thing we have to do in our life, yet we learn it so young and so quickly, so easily in fact, that some experts in this field have argued that language is, to a certain extent, an inherited skill. Burners argues that the reason we learn language so quickly is due to the method we use. As we are introduced the words, we use them. We test them out. Words immediately became practical. So we can quickly see why it helps us to know these words.

The Designing CALL is one of the efforts to improve the English education in Indonesia used in the teaching learning process and the instructional process which is delivered in English. There are many characteristics of the learners. They are included:

1. 1. The characteristic of learners included hepatic, visual, auditory, concrete, analytical, communicative, auditory-oriented learners.The characteristics of the teachers in the ICT or designing CALL class in the process of teaching learning are as the facilitator, motivator, stimulator, controller, organizer, assessor, and tutor of the roles facilitator and motivator are the most important ones.
   2. Teaching materials play an important role in the ICT class. Having the knowledge on hand, learners are expected to be able to solve their life problems, so the Designing CALL class in the process of the teaching-learning develops schools potential, learners ability and gives learners’ need and the needs of society around the school. Moreover, it provides a real audience for communication and permit for interaction on both local and international scales based on the using of language, explaining style and presenting materials.
   3. The teachers must use various method of Designing CALL, teaching techniques, and strategies, question and answer activity, playing films, presentation, discussion, group work activity in order to avoid the individualism.
   4. The teacher uses the media for supporting the teacher to achieve her goals the teacher also used various media to teach English to her learners in the ICT using the Designing CALL such as : Hard ware, Soft ware, the facilities of internet connections that provided in the ICT designing CALL must be a multiple computer classroom and the wireless technology classroom although the setting of the classroom does not enable learners to move freely, the learners have a good sense to learn English, and the teacher builds a good relationship with the learners.
   5. Grammar should be taught along with communicative skills. In foreign language learning context, the role of grammar may be considered as the “skeleton” of the language, which contributes to the development and functions of the target language. Thus, highlighting both language components( particularly grammar) and skills within a broadly communicative frame work will result in enhanced language learning;
   6. It has always been argued that teaching grammar is time consuming. The time allocated for classroom contact is limited and therefore English teachers often ask the students to study grammar by themselves and the teachers concentrate on other skills, such as speaking, listening, and reading. To cope with this dilemma, a self-access CALL program may be an appropriate and promising solution;
   7. Apart from the benefit of self-access CALL program, a number of issues should be considered in developing such an instructional program. This should include considering the cost of purchasing equipment, choosing suitable software, selecting materials, determining objectives, choosing the type of intended program, and designing the layout of the screens. More importantly, CALL designers or developers should accessibility’ and appropriateness’ understand clearly the principles of creating the program such as ‘interactivity’, ‘flexibility’, ’accessibility’ and ‘ appropriateness’.
   8. As far as a self – access computer- assisted language learning program is concerned, students’ individual differences variables should also be taken into consideration when designing, developing, and implementing a self-access CALL program. If designing properly, such a program can even encourage and stimulate students thereby increasing their motivation and intention to learn the material provided. Beside students’ attitude-motivation’-related variables, computer – related variables also be taken into account in establishing the CALL environment. It is essential to provide a short orientation on how to use computers and computerized-learning program in particular

The students usually spent their time on the internet, become more individually, for the students who has a limited knowledge about ICT will try to copy their friend’s job, not so much for creativity because new applications are developed that intend to provide resources, and websites provide free software or support to generate or adapt existing materials by using a copy –paste only.

In teaching English using The ICT designing CALL needs some requirements and also some preparations they are:

It is not easy to define the key question “ how students learn”, In my view I believe that students learn by using the language and by reflecting after their language use. My main task is then providing opportunities for meaningful language use, and building up a sense of community between the students and myself, so that we generate a relaxing environment. A second aspect to be taken into consideration is the issues that may come in a classroom as a consequence of a different role demanded for teachers and students: a more open flexible class structure may defy certain educational institutions or administrators. The accepted role of the teachers as “controller” in a language classroom, in what Jeremy Harmer calls” lockstep” ( teacher ex-planning everything, providing all the contents and students assimilating the information received), is severely defied. So we, and our institutions, are to adopt more flexible patterns of classroom distribution and clearly redefine the pattern of behavior. One last aspect to be borne in mind would be, especially in the institutions that I have had the opportunity to teach .

The problem of ICT language teaching using designing CALL.

This program has problem because it is not necessary to reinforce the links between the school members, and it is a must that the collaboration among the institution departments to carry the common processes. This particularly relevant to the projects which has a good way to incorporate more and more teachers into collaboration, and bridging the departments gaps. and society demands that the students we teach have high technological proficiency, the difference that may allow them to be active members of a specialized labor market. Yet, I still wonder if we are contributing or not to widening the gap between worlds.

We know that the language teachers have a lot to teach other subject about learning. In the 1960s educationalist like Jerome Bruner argued that people learn best when they learn in an active rather than a passive manner. He used the example of how we learn language. It is claimed that this is the most difficult thing we have to do in our life, yet we learn it so young and so quickly, so easily in fact, that some experts in this field have argued that language is, to a certain extent, an inherited skill. Burners argues that the reason we learn language so quickly is due to the method we use. As we are introduced the words, we use them. We test them out. Words immediately became practical. So we can quickly see why it helps us to know these words.

Learning a languages takes time. If you grow up in a country or live in a country for a long period then you are exposed to the language continually and for many hours per day. This is why you make good progress. If you learn a language at school then you get very little exposure in comparison and therefore make slow progress. ICT and other aids such as audio and video materials can speed up the language learning process by offering additional opportunities for practice outside the classroom.

The Designing CALL is one of the efforts to improve the English education in Indonesia used in the teaching learning process and the instructional process which is delivered in English. There are many characteristics of the learners. They are included:

The findings of Hartoyo’s (1998)study also indicates that social psychological differences among students affect learning improvement. The analysis also reveals that a positive correlation was shown to exist, i.e., the greater the students’ knowledge of computers, or positive attitudes to learning English, the better their improvement scores were. In addition, as far as the CALL program is concerned, other related variables such as students’ attitudes toward and familiarity with computers, and time spent learning via the program also need to be taken into account. This study supports the theory that posits certain individual differences as probable salient variables in learning a language, such as that of Gardener (1978, 1979,1985), Gardner and Smyth (1975, 1976, 1981), Therefore, it can be argued and recommended that:

CONCLUSION

An ideal CALL courseware remains not an alternative but a complementary tool in reinforcing classroom activities. Apart from relying on the ability of educators to create suitable CALL courseware, the effectiveness of CALL depends on the teacher’s readiness to adopt new attitudes and approaches toward language teaching. The teacher should avoid being skeptical about the use of computer in language teaching and begin to re-evaluate this method in the light of computer’s tremendous teaching potentially and boldly address to the challenges offered. The computer can be best assist teachers if it is seen not as a replacement for their work but as a supplement to it. By the way, the computer, will not replace the language teachers, but, used creatively, it will relieve them of tedious tasks and will enable students to receive individualized attention from both teachers and machines to a degree that has hitherto been impossible. What really matters is how we use technology, computers can or will never substitute teachers but they offer new opportunities for better language practice. They may actually make the process of language learning significantly richer and play a key role in the reform of a country’s educational system. The next generation of students will feel more confident with information of technology than we do, As a result, they will also be able to use the internet to communicate more effectively, practice language skills more thoroughly and solve language learning problems more easily.

GOOD LUCK

Reference:

1. Murphy, T.H.& TERRY,R,Jr.(1998). Adoption of CALL technologies in education: A national delphi. Proccedings of the Forty Fourth Annual Southern Agricultural Education Research Meeting 112-123

2. Sperling, Dave, The Internet Guide for English Language Teachers, Prentice-Hall Regents, 1998

3. Hartoyo, M.A.,Ph.D.INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES in Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL)

4. Brown, H.D (2000) Principles of Lanuage Learning and Teaching . 4th Edition. California; Addison WesleybLongman, Inc.